Read about the actions we’ve taken under the Great Lakes Strategy to improve the environmental, social and economic health and wellbeing of the Great Lakes.
As someone who lives along Lake Ontario, I am very proud to call the Great Lakes region home. There is an incredible natural legacy in these lakes and rivers, and they are central to the quality of life and strong industry that we enjoy in our province. The Great Lakes support almost 40% of Canada’s economic activity and are a vital source of safe drinking water for most of our province. They also hold great historic and cultural significance. First Nations peoples have maintained a strong spiritual and cultural relationship with the Great Lakes and the Basin is where Métis identity emerged in Ontario.
Ontario continues to take action to protect, conserve and restore the Great Lakes, and one of the ways we are doing this is through Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy. The strategy was introduced in 2012 and includes initiatives from 16 provincial ministries to further the environmental, social and economic health and well-being of the Basin.
This is the second progress report on the actions we’ve taken under the strategy, and it shows the considerable progress we are making to safeguard the Great Lakes.
In the pages that follow, you will read about how Ontario is investing in local actions and supporting partnerships to restore and protect wetlands and wildlife. You will also gain a better understanding of the economic importance of agriculture in the Great Lakes Basin, and the agri-environmental stewardship programming delivered by Ontario that focuses on positive outcomes for soil health, water quality and climate change.
This report also details how Ontario’s investments in stormwater and wastewater management will make a difference in improving water quality and outlines how we have supported municipalities and communities around the Basin to prepare for, and adapt to, climate change.
Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy is a living document, and we will continue to update it to meet the latest challenges. A review of the strategy is underway, and we will engage the Great Lakes community and partners in this process to ensure the updated strategy is reflective of the needs of the Basin today and for years to come.
While much work remains to be done, this report shows that our efforts are making a difference. We will continue working together with all the Great Lakes community partners and the public to protect the health of the Great Lakes so they can be enjoyed today and for generations to come.
The Honourable David Piccini
Minister of the Environment, Conservation and Parks
Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy (also known as the strategy ) was introduced in 2012 to ensure the Great Lakes continue to provide clean water to drink and where it is safe to go swimming and fishing. The strategy identified six goals to protect and restore the health of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin:
The Great Lakes Protection Act, 2015 , requires that the Minister of the Environment, Conservation and Parks maintains the strategy and report on, among other things, actions that have been taken to address the priorities identified in the strategy. In 2016, Ontario reported on the accomplishments achieved in the first three years of implementing the strategy in its first progress report. The second progress report is intended to be read in conjunction with the first report as it highlights achievements made since that first report to early 2022, and encompasses actions and efforts across the 16 Great Lakes ministries:
The Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River and their surrounding lands and waterways give us a high quality of life, and their importance to the people of Ontario is reflected in the number of individuals, communities, and organizations that contribute to their protection and restoration. First Nations peoples have lived and thrived in the Basin for millennia, relying on the lakes as a source of food and water, and building cultural and spiritual relationships with the land and water. The Anishinaabe people, many who continue to live in the Basin today, identified the Great Lakes as Nayaano-nibiimang Gichigamiin, which means the five freshwater seas in the Anishinaabemowin language. The Mohawk people have long-standing ties to the St. Lawrence River Valley, and the St. Lawrence River is also known as Kaniatarowanenneh, which is Mohawk for the ‘big waterway,’ or River of the Iroquois.
The purpose of engaging and empowering communities is to create opportunities for individuals and communities to become more involved in the protection and restoration of the ecological health of the Great Lakes Basin. Actions in the strategy include supporting collaboration and partnerships with governments and with First Nations and Métis communities, building awareness, and supporting community action.
Supporting and engaging in collaboration and partnerships with the broad Great Lakes community to generate awareness and local action on the Great Lakes is a key component of the Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy.
Ontario continues to collaborate with Canada and other Great Lakes jurisdictions by being an active participant, advisor and/or member on numerous commissions, councils and committees, such as the:
In addition, Ontario continues to collaborate with various agencies and other partners, such as academia, to advance our knowledge and scientific understanding through identification of science priorities, such as participating in the State of the Lake Conferences to report on findings and identify science priorities and future work, participating in the Great Lakes Mapping Coalition, providing data and information to support assessments, priority setting, and day to day collaborations on Great Lakes projects.
Collaboration with First Nations and Métis partners to protect, restore and conserve the Great Lakes Basin is a particularly important component of the strategy. The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks has worked with First Nations communities to support a range of Great Lakes projects and initiatives, including community-based monitoring, habitat and species restoration efforts, shoreline cleanups, gatherings with First Nations youth and Elders and supporting Traditional Ecological Knowledge. This has included work led by M’Chigeeng First Nation, Chippewas of the Thames First Nation, Mohawk Council of Akwesasne, Walpole Island First Nation and Magnetawan First Nation, who each hosted Traditional Ecological Knowledge workshops to support the development of Indigenous Knowledge databases. Other community-led projects, such as work led by Red Rock Indian Band, have helped to map valued ecosystem components and support watershed management and climate change adaptation planning. Ontario’s other Great Lakes ministries also continue to work with First Nations and Métis and play an integral role in collaboratively advancing Great Lakes protection and restoration efforts.
Other examples of collaborative efforts among the Great Lakes community to address priority issues in the Great Lakes Basin include:
In 2017, the Ontario Geological Survey collaborated with local Indigenous communities to carry out a groundwater chemistry mapping campaign on Manitoulin Island, resulting in mutually beneficial information and resource sharing. Community members shared knowledge of groundwater spring locations to inform sampling locations, and results were provided to homeowners and community members. The project helped the province characterize groundwater geochemistry of the major rock and overburden units in Ontario, and provided water quality information to community members.
Following the initiation of the partnership in 2015, Fertilizer Canada partnered with OMAFRA , the Ontario Agri Business Association, Grain Farmers of Ontario, Ontario Federation of Agriculture, and Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario to implement the 4R Nutrient Stewardship (Right Source @ Right Rate, Right Time, Right Place ® ) program in Ontario. In 2018, the voluntary 4R Certification program was launched and works to audit agri-retailers, independent consultants and other certified professionals on their ability to recommend and apply 4R Nutrient Stewardship principles with their grower customers. 4R Nutrient Stewardship balances farmer, industry, and government goals to improve on-farm economics, crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency and retain nutrients on-field to reduce excess loss to the environment. As of March 2022, 24 sites were certified through the program, verifying over 590,000 acres of farmland in Ontario and 2,500 farms as following 4R Nutrient Stewardship.
The Canadian Agricultural Partnership (Partnership) is an investment by federal, provincial and territorial governments to strengthen and grow Canada’s agriculture and agri-food sector. The Partnership provides funding (from Canada, and Ontario) to support region-specific agriculture programs and services tailored to meet regional needs. An example of programming offered in Ontario under the Partnership is the Lake Erie Agriculture Demonstrating Sustainability ( LEADS ) initiative, a five-year (2018–2023), $15.6 million investment that helps farmers take action to improve soil health and water quality in the Lake Erie watershed.
The Green Infrastructure stream of the Investing in Canada Infrastructure Program has been used to leverage existing funds to make infrastructure improvements in communities on the Great Lakes. In 2018, Ontario and Canada signed an agreement for $11.8 billion in federal funding across specific program streams. Under the first intake in October 2019, $200 million in federal-provincial funding was allocated towards projects addressing critical health and safety issues associated with water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure, such as improvements to the City of Belleville’s municipal stormwater pumping station, and conversion of a combined sewer in Leamington to separate stormwater and wastewater mains. This also included 41 projects with First Nations communities, such as drinking water treatment improvements for Pays Plat First Nation and the construction of a new water treatment plant for the Biigtigong Nishnaabeg First Nation. Under the second intake in July 2021, $330 million in federal-provincial funding was allocated towards critical health and safety issues associated with drinking water infrastructure, with 10% of the available funding allocated towards First Nations community projects.
The Great Lakes Guardians’ Council, established under the Great Lakes Protection Act, 2015 , is a unique forum for provincial, municipal, First Nations and Métis leadership representatives that have a historic relationship with the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin. It also includes representatives from the science community, environmental groups, agriculture, industry, recreation and tourism sectors. The purpose of the Council is to identify and find solutions to Great Lakes challenges, increase the science and consideration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and strengthen our shared understanding of the Great Lakes. The Council is co-chaired by the Minister of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, and a representative from Indigenous leadership. To date, the Council meetings have been co-chaired by the Grand Council Chief of Anishinabek Nation.
Following the inaugural meeting on March 22, 2016, at the suggestion of the former Chief Water Commissioner, Anishinabek Women’s Water Commission, Josephine Mandamin, the Council gathered on Manitoulin Island on August 21–23, 2016. The purpose of this gathering was to build relationships, foster discussion on Great Lakes priorities, and build a foundation for the Council’s work going forward. Participants were encouraged to share stories of the lakes and foster cross-cultural learning and partnership on Great Lakes protection activities and initiatives.
It was noted that the Great Lakes are a unifying concept for people who live in Ontario. Some of the key themes of the discussion included the importance of connecting people to the lake, education on the Great Lakes and treaties, and the use of information — including Traditional Ecological Knowledge — for better decision making. The Council has met seven times since the inaugural meeting, and most recently met on April 22, 2021.
Implementation of Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy is a collaborative effort across government, with multiple ministries coming together to implement actions to support environmental, economic and social goals for the Great Lakes Basin. Collaboration with Canada is a key component of addressing Ontario’s strategy commitments, and this relationship is coordinated through the Canada-Ontario Agreement ( COA ) on Great Lakes Water Quality and Ecosystem Health. COA assists Ontario in meeting its goals in Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy and helps Canada meet its obligations under the Canada- U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
The 2014 COA was in effect from 2014 to 2019 and led to significant progress in protecting and restoring the Great Lakes. In addition to many activities included in this report, examples of key accomplishments under the 2014 COA include:
The map shows the five Great Lakes, four of which are in Ontario (Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior), and the St. Lawrence River. Coloured shading is used to show each of the watersheds of the respective lakes and river.
A recent example of continued progress on addressing legacy contaminated sediments in the Great Lakes is the application of a thin-layer sediment cap to Jellicoe Cove, the area with the highest mercury concentrations, in the Peninsula Harbour Area of Concern in Lake Superior (Anishinaabewi-gichigami in the Anishnaabewowin language). The Harbour is identified as an AOC due to historical inputs from the pulp mill and chlor-alkali plant, and log booming. Decades of industrial activity has resulted in elevated levels of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) in sediment. The science indicated that a 15–20 cm sand cap over the contaminated sediment would accelerate natural recovery of the site by 75 years. Since its application in 2012, monitoring has shown that the cap has been effective and met the objectives of the remedial effort. It reduced the movement of mercury and PCBs to the overlying waters and the exposure of aquatic organisms to mercury in sediment, which is below the clean-up target. As a result, the Degradation of Benthos Beneficial Use Impairment was redesignated in January 2022 to “not impaired.” In addition, two other impairments to the AOC — Degradation of Fish and Wildlife Populations, and Loss of Fish and Wildlife Habitat — were designated “not impaired” in 2021.
Since 2010, Ontario, Canada, municipalities, conservation authorities, non-governmental organizations and others have worked together to coordinate actions to protect and improve water quality along the southeast shores of Lake Huron. The Healthy Lake Huron Initiative aims to reduce the amount of nutrients and bacteria entering the water in six priority watersheds. Since 2018, over 75 projects and approximately $4 million dollars have been invested in the area. Examples of recent projects include the installation of stream buffers, berms, and use of cover crops to reduce soil loss and improve soil health; septic system inspections and upgrades; and restricting livestock from streams. Outreach and education are undertaken through annual newsletters, a projects website, landowner workshops and one-on-one visits and demonstrations. Long-term monitoring in these watersheds shows some improvements over time.
First Nations have a strong cultural and spiritual connection to Deshkan Ziibi (from the Anishnaabewowin language), or the Thames River, which flows into Lake St. Clair and is part of the Lake Erie basin (Waabishkiigoo-gichigami). The Thames River Clear Water Revival ( TRCWR ) is a long-running partnership between the First Nations with traditional territories in the watershed, the City of London, the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, the Upper Thames Conservation Authority, Ontario and Canada. Ontario has supported a number of TRCWR projects, most notably a First Nations Youth Program launched in 2015 to: provide First Nations youth with an awareness and appreciation of work opportunities in the environmental field; improve connections between communities; and advocate for environmental issues. The information gathered as a part of this initiative also informed a 20-year plan to protect and restore the watershed water quality and quantity, while supporting economic and urban development.
Within the Hamilton Harbour AOC in Lake Ontario (Niigani-gichigami), Randle Reef sediment is highly contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ), as a result of over 150 years of historical industrial inputs. There is an ongoing $139 million restoration project to contain the contaminated sediment in an underwater steel box. Hydraulic dredging of the contaminated sediment was completed in October 2021. The project will be entering its final phase, with the installation of the isolation cap for the steel box. The project is funded by Canada, Ontario and local partners. When the project is completed in 2024, the environmental, economic and social benefits will be numerous, including improved fish and wildlife habitat, reduced spread of contaminants through the harbour, enhancement of recreational, shipping and port opportunities, and an estimated economic impact to the community of $126 million in job creation, business development and tourism. The project is also essential to delisting Hamilton Harbour as an AOC .
The St. Lawrence River, or Kaniatarowanenneh in the Kanien’kéha language, has a significant connection to the cultural identity and rich history for Indigenous peoples that have lived along the river for millennia. The Mohawk community of Akwesasne, meaning Land Where the Partridge Drums is located along the river in Akwesasne, near Cornwall, Ontario, which is an AOC . One of the most harmful aspects of the contamination in the St. Lawrence River was the fear it created among Akwesasr:onon to engage in practices with the water, fish, and land. The maintenance of Akwesasr:onon cultural knowledge and values is contingent on being connected with the land through land-based practices. In 2021, Ontario and Canada funded a project called “ St. Lawrence/Cornwall Area of Concern — Fish Consumption and Sampling Community Input” to analyze fish species of interest for contaminants and provide up-to-date information on contaminant levels for Akwesasne to review and distribute to the community. The project also supports the facilitation of workshops that will include open discussions about fish species of interest, environmental fears, cultural responsibilities to the fish, and what is needed to repair the disconnect between Akwesasr:onon and the water and fish. The project will help determine if consumption of fish and wildlife is still impaired within the St. Lawrence River AOC .
Following many months of negotiations, on May 27, 2021, Canada and Ontario signed the 9 th Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality and Ecosystem Health, marking more than 50 years of collaboration between Canada and Ontario to improve conditions in the Great Lakes. The 2021 COA sets out specific actions that each government will take as they work together to restore, protect and conserve the water quality and ecosystem health of the Great Lakes. The 2021 COA outlines new and ongoing actions to safeguard the world’s largest freshwater lake system, such as improving wastewater and stormwater management, managing nutrients, reducing plastic pollution and excess road salt, restoring native species and habitats and increasing climate resilience. The agreement also includes a new focus on protecting Lake Ontario and supporting nature-based recreation opportunities.
In addition, Ontario is committed to both new and continued actions to support engagement of First Nations and Métis partners as they continue to provide local community context, knowledge, expertise and resources that help to inform future collaborative efforts for Great Lakes restoration, protection and conservation. The 2021 COA maintains the specific First Nations and Métis Annexes introduced in the 2014 COA , directs all Annex Leads to collaboratively engage First Nations and Métis partners in the delivery of Annex commitments, as appropriate, and makes a series of new commitments throughout the agreement.
Ontario works to increase awareness of the Great Lakes by forging new partnerships between conservation authorities, non-governmental organizations and school boards. Educational events such as mini-water festivals, virtual field trips, student conferences and multi-day student summits have been co-created and delivered by partners since 2016. Recently, Ontario adapted its Great Lakes student/teacher conference model to fund virtual field trips to the Great Lakes, which supported Ontario’s switch to remote learning. The virtual field trips include: Lake Superior, Georgian Bay/Lake Huron, the Lake Huron/Lake Erie connecting channel and Ottawa River/ St. Lawrence River.
Ontario’s provincial parks provide a way for many people to interact with and enjoy the Great Lakes. Over 20 parks in the Great Lakes Basin have senior interpretative naturalist staff who deliver programs to hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.
Ontario Parks recently partnered with Canadian Geographic to produce giant floor maps and lesson plans for use as a teaching resource, one of which highlights Ontario’s waterways and the Great Lakes. In addition, Ontario Parks’ Discovery School Program reaches tens of thousands of children annually, and parks along the Great Lakes such as Pinery Provincial Park and Bronte Creek Provincial Park host school group field trips.
What started as an idea from the Great Lakes Guardians’ Council has grown into an extensive resource to help people gather, share, educate and celebrate the Great Lakes.
The Great Lakes Guide, a digital platform that successfully weaves together the environment, social and economic connections that we have with the Great Lakes, was launched in April 2018 by Swim, Drink, Fish and made possible by funding from Ontario.
The platform is designed to help users begin their journey of discovery of Great Lakes beaches, parks, and trails as well as other sites of interest. It honours its youth audience by employing staff under 30, featuring stories from the Black, Indigenous and people of colour communities and hiring an Indigenous Content Specialist to ensure multiple worldviews and perspectives are woven throughout.
Thirty-one partnerships were created to provide real-time content feeds, such as the Weather Network, Ontario Parks, Safe Beaches App and the Great Lakes Waterfront Trail, for example.
During the COVID‑19 pandemic, the guide became the go-to site for individuals and families searching for safe ways to enjoy the outdoors while following public health restrictions.
Ontario launched the first round of the Great Lakes Local Action Fund in September 2020 to support local projects that protect and restore coastal, shoreline and nearshore areas of the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers and streams. In 2021, 44 projects were selected to receive funding totaling $1.9 million over two years. The projects are led by community-based organizations, municipalities, conservation authorities and Indigenous communities and organizations across Ontario, from Ottawa to Thunder Bay. Some of the recipients include:
On February 7, 2022, Ontario announced an additional $1.9 million investment in the Great Lakes Local Action Fund. This new investment will support local projects led by community-based organizations, small businesses, municipalities, conservation authorities, and Indigenous communities and others that focus on protecting and restoring coastal, shoreline and nearshore areas of the Great Lakes and its connecting rivers and streams.
Read the measuring progress section of this report for more information on Ontario’s progress in engaging and empowering communities in the Great Lakes.
The purpose of this goal is to protect human health and well-being through the protection and restoration of the ecological health of the Great Lakes Basin. The strategy includes actions to:
Collaboration with municipalities, conservation authorities, source protection committees and others to support effective and ongoing implementation of source protection plans is a key commitment in the strategy to manage and protect drinking water. As highlighted in the Minister's annual report on drinking water (2021), implementation of 38 collaborative, watershed-based source protection plans that protect existing and future sources of drinking water is underway across Ontario. These plans contain policies to address certain activities identified as threats to drinking water sources, which include the Great Lakes. Approximately 39% of surface water drinking water systems which connect to the Great Lakes are included in source protection plans.
For example, the Essex Region Source Protection Area has formally identified the toxin produced by blue green algae, called microcystin-LR, as a drinking water issue at all Lake Erie drinking water intakes. The identification of activities and areas that contribute to this issue are being considered through the source protection plan, and can be adapted if required in the future.
In addition, the Credit Valley — Toronto and Region — Central Lake Ontario Source Protection Plan includes policies to specify actions to mitigate spill risks from fuel storage, pipelines, and nuclear power generation.
In 2017, an approach was added to the Technical Rules made under the Clean Water Act, 2006 to allow individual source protection committees and authorities to better identify water quality risks to drinking water systems in larger water bodies such as the Great Lakes that can be more vulnerable to contamination in a nearshore environment. In 2021, further changes were made to the Technical Rules to consider climate change risks, improving the risk-assessment approach to better identify risks associated with road salt, and the handling and storage of toxic chemicals.
To help ensure communities and landowners with drinking water systems not covered by provincially-approved source protection plans have the tools they need to continue to protect their drinking water sources, the province released new best practices for source water protection on ontario.ca on February 18, 2022. The new user-friendly best practices provide easy-to-understand information and tips to help private landowners, such as farmers and cottagers, First Nations communities, and communities protect drinking water sources from contamination. This includes ensuring a septic system is functioning properly and that on-site fuel tanks and pesticides are stored safely.
The Ontario Clean Water Agency ( OCWA ) has established a First Nations Advisory Circle to gain a greater understanding of the broader water issues facing First Nations communities from an Indigenous perspective. The Advisory Circle, which reports to OCWAs Board of Directors through the Board’s First Nations Committee, meets at least four times annually and is comprised of a diverse group of individuals that identify as Indigenous, representing a variety of backgrounds, experiences and communities. The Advisory Circle provides advice and recommendations on the integration of First Nation perspectives into the OCWAs strategies and how the OCWA can enhance its partnerships with First Nations communities to better support their water and wastewater needs and concerns. The goal of the Advisory Circle is to provide a better understanding of the challenges that First Nations face, not only with respect to addressing water and wastewater treatment in their communities, but also in the context of their unique experiences, culture and history in Canada. The OCWA is committed to strengthening its current First Nations partnerships and developing new partnerships based on mutual trust, respect and collaboration.
Through the Walkerton Clean Water Centre ( WCWC ), Ontario has also been working with First Nations on the development of training programs to support operators, managers and community leaders in maintaining safe drinking water systems. Between April 2017 and March 2022, 167 individuals successfully completed the Entry-Level Course for Drinking Water Operators for First Nations, and 116 successfully completed Managing Drinking Water Systems in First Nation Communities. This training is provided in-kind and at no cost to the communities. WCWCs courses help build capacity and have been positively received by First Nation participants and communities, who we have heard want to see this relationship continue.
Read the measuring progress section of this report for more information on Ontario’s performance in ensuring drinking water in the Great Lakes Basin meets a high standard of safety.
Research and monitoring are needed to identify impacts to water quality to inform management actions. The strategy commits Ontario to work to address water quality issues, including harmful and nuisance algal blooms, as well as toxic chemicals of emerging concern. Since the first progress report in 2016, Ontario has continued to invest in and support activities to identify and understand impacts to water quality in the Great Lakes Basin.
Ontario, in partnership with Canada, collaborated with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research and Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority to assess the water quality of Lake St. Clair and the Thames River. This multi-year collaborative study confirmed the presence of harmful algal blooms, which can occur extensively along the Canadian shoreline of Lake St. Clair and the lower Thames River.
Studies by the Ontario Geological Survey, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks and additional partners examined levels of phosphorus in Lake Erie and its tributaries, as well as modelled lake-wide phosphorus and annual internal phosphorus loading, to enhance understanding of conditions in the lake and the role of nutrients in causing algal blooms.
Recent studies in Lake Ontario by the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks used monitoring data and modelling to examine water quality, nutrient patterns and lake circulation to develop a proposed study framework to assess urban effects on the lake and the interaction of the land and water, and to help support the design of solutions.
The Multi-Watershed Nutrient Study was conceived as a response to algae blooms and other signs of excess nutrients in the Great Lakes.
The main goals of the study included investigating the changes from the 1970s to today in:
In addition, the study was designed to gauge the scope for change in the amount of nutrients coming from diffuse agricultural sources.
The study included:
Early findings of the study show that compared to a similar study in the 1970s:
Ontario’s Pesticide Concentrations in Stream Water study analyzes approximately 500 pesticide compounds in 18 Great Lakes tributaries dominated by agricultural land use. The results from this program have the potential to demonstrate the effectiveness of watershed management programs, policies and regulations, and illustrate areas where continued vigilance is needed.
Ontario’s Great Lakes monitoring has demonstrated that concentrations of PCBs in sediments have declined in some nearshore areas of Lake Ontario since 1994. On average, levels of PCBs in sediments at the sixteen sites that were sampled over this time period have decreased by half, and there were significant improvements in some Areas of Concern, such as the Toronto Inner Harbour. However, there are areas where PCB concentrations remain elevated, particularly in areas closer to shore and near urban areas. The data suggests that concentrations of PCBs in Lake Ontario surface sediments should continue to decline with reduction of inputs to the lake.
New techniques and technologies have also been used to support monitoring efforts. For example, real-time monitoring buoys deployed in the nearshore of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario provide an opportunity for early warning of water quality issues. Recently, data from monitoring buoys are being made available via a new data sharing platform called Seagull. Making the data accessible through this platform will facilitate its use by researchers in both Canada and the U.S. — for example, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently used this data to develop a model to help predict movements of low-oxygen water in Lake Erie, which can impact fish populations and water quality at drinking water intakes.
In addition, the use of passive samplers has enhanced monitoring of contaminants of ongoing and emerging concern. Passive samplers are devices that can be placed and left in water or sediment to assess concentrations of chemicals. These devices have been used at Great Lakes long-term monitoring sites and watersheds, to track down sources of legacy contaminants such as PCBs in Hamilton Harbour, for monitoring historical contaminants in the Niagara River region, and evaluating the effectiveness of remediation in Peninsula Harbour. Passive samplers are also very useful for enhancing monitoring for contaminants of emerging concern, such as flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides, and their use has allowed us to screen for unknown contaminants and prioritize for further assessments, such as contaminants from the breakdown of tires.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ( PFAS ) are a group of more than 4,000 man-made substances in use since the 1940s in numerous commercial and industrial products. Although PFAS have never been manufactured in Ontario, they were used in products available here (such as coatings on non-stick cookware, stain and water repellant treatments for fabric, and fire-fighting foams) and have since migrated into the natural environment where they take a very long time to break down. Therefore, they are often referred to as “forever chemicals.”
Due to their persistence, potential to accumulate in organisms, and toxic effects in the environment and/or to human health, in 2006 and 2012 certain types of PFAS were declared toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act , making them subject to a range of measures, including restrictions, and a ban on import and use with a few exceptions.
In 2018 and 2019, Ontario conducted monitoring for select PFAS in Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario. Concentrations of two types of PFAS , perfluorooctane sulfonate ( PFOS ) and perfluorooctanoic acid ( PFOA ), have declined significantly in both source and drinking water since previous measurements in 2006, and concentrations in all samples were well below current federal guidelines. This demonstrates that measures under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act as well as actions taken by industry and other governments have been successful in reducing these chemicals in the environment.
Ontario continues to track the science and monitoring for new and replacement PFAS and support efforts to address PFAS issues in Ontario. For example, the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks has initiated a study to better understand the presence of PFAS in landfill leachate and groundwater systems, and the potential impacts to the environment and drinking water wells.
Read the measuring progress section of this report for more information on Ontario’s progress to assess phosphorus and contaminants of concern, and make improvements in localized priority areas.
Protecting and restoring water quality requires action on multiple fronts. The strategy strategy includes sixteen commitments to reduce stormwater and wastewater impacts, reduce excessive nutrients, and protect water quality by reducing toxic chemicals and other pollutants such as salt and plastic.
Addressing threats to the water quality of the Great Lakes requires sustained, collaborative effort. When excess amounts of phosphorus from urban stormwater and farmlands enter waterways, for example, this can lead to the growth of algal blooms, which is currently threatening the water quality of water bodies like Lake Erie. To address this, the strategy commits Ontario, with Canada and implementation partners, to develop and implement an action plan to reduce phosphorus loads to Lake Erie.
Under the Great Lakes Protection Act, 2015 , Ontario committed to a 40% phosphorus load reduction target for Lake Erie. This 40% phosphorus reduction target was established through a binational science process for the western and central basins of Lake Erie to address harmful algal blooms in the western basin and hypoxia in the central basin.
The Canada-Ontario Lake Erie Action Plan to reduce phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie was released in 2018 and identifies more than 120 actions to help achieve the phosphorus target, such as better management of wastewater and stormwater discharges, using best management practices to keep phosphorus on farmland and out of waterways, restoring natural heritage features such as wetlands, improving monitoring and science, and enhancing communication and outreach. Almost half (46%) of the actions in the Lake Erie Action Plan are designated for the ministries of Environment, Conservation and Parks, Natural Resources and Forestry, and Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
Through the Canada-Ontario Lake Erie Action Plan, Ontario works with Canada and partners to implement actions towards the phosphorus reduction targets, which complements U.S. efforts to achieve binational phosphorus reduction targets for the lake. See the measuring progress section of this report for more information on progress to date in Lake Erie.
As reported in the last progress report, excess salt also has a negative impact on water quality in the Great Lakes Basin. A recent analysis of Ontario’s long-term chloride (an indicator of salt) data found that many monitoring locations near roadways or in urban areas exceeded the chloride water quality guideline. To act on this issue, the Ministry of Transportation’s Salt Management Plan was reviewed and updated in 2017 and now includes proven and science-based best management practices to ensure the optimal rate, timing, and location of salt application on roads. The plan ensures the best available winter maintenance practices are implemented to ensure safe driving conditions on the provincial highway network while minimizing environmental impacts.
In addition, the province works with stakeholders across Ontario, Canada and the U.S. to invest in research to understand new products and practices to deliver snow and ice control that reduce road salt usage and mitigate environmental impacts while maintaining public mobility and safety on provincial highways. Ontario has also conducted extensive research into winter materials over many years that has led to changes in winter maintenance standards and best practices, such as using pre-treated salt at lower application rates in place of dry salt.
In spring 2022, the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks held workshops with a range of stakeholders to seek input on the role of best practices in reducing excessive salting on Ontario’s roads, parking lots and sidewalks. The sessions offered a lot of helpful input and insights, including factors driving overapplication and key obstacles and challenges experienced by industry in adopting leading practices. The ministry is considering the feedback to help inform any next steps.
Microplastics, or plastic pieces smaller than 5 millimeters, are found in surface water, sediment and in wildlife within and around the Great Lakes. Microplastics harm wildlife as they mistake plastic for food, is a choking hazard and has also been found in fish tissues. Plastic is ubiquitous in our environment today found even on inaccessible and isolated beaches. It is estimated that it could take 500 to 1,000 years for plastics to break down, so once it reaches the environment it has a lasting impact.
A recent study in the Great Lakes found the highest concentration of microplastics ever reported for bony fish, and higher abundances of microplastics in the waters, lake bottom sediments, and fish adjacent to the Greater Toronto Area compared to other locations on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes.
The issue of plastic pollution in the Great Lakes requires action on both water and land. Monitoring by the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks has shown that abundance of some types of microbeads in wastewater have substantially declined since the ban on microbeads in personal care products was implemented by Canada. To help raise awareness about plastics in the Great Lakes, Ontario provided $375,000 investment support to Pollution Probe for the creation of the Great Lakes Plastic Cleanup program. This program was created in partnership with the Council of the Great Lakes Region and established a network of organizations that worked together to remove plastics from the water at marinas in the Great Lakes using Seabin and LittaTrap technologies.
The most common types of plastic recovered include small pieces of foam and film, as well as small hard fragments and pellets. Industrial emissions from processes and pellet spills are important contributors to the microplastics found in the region, in addition to litter-based sources. To help address this issue, Ontario has committed to work with industry to ensure best practices are in place to reduce microplastics pollution in the region.
In addition, the Provincial Day of Action on Litter Act, 2019 , established the second Tuesday of May to annually raise awareness about the impacts of litter and waste and to encourage people to take part in litter cleanups. The first Day of Action on Litter took place on May 12, 2020. In light of COVID‑19, the 2020 and 2021 Day of Action on Litter focused on a digital education campaign, to raise awareness of the impacts of waste in the environment and highlight what actions each and every person can take while at home.
As a continuation to the Day of Action on Litter, the province promoted cleanups on Waste Reduction Week in October 2020 and led a Waste-Free Wednesday litter cleanup campaign throughout summer and early fall 2021. Reducing litter and waste in our communities, encouraging local environmental actions and keeping the province clean and beautiful are key government commitments.
Collaboration and support from the Province of Ontario has been instrumental to Pollution Probe’s work related to addressing plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, which includes establishing and expanding the Great Lakes Plastic Cleanup, the largest initiative of its kind in the world aimed at preventing and removing plastic debris from the lakes. We look forward to continuing to work together for the benefit of our Great Lakes and the communities that rely on them.
Christopher Hilkene Chief Executive Officer, Pollution Probe
As stormwater and wastewater are major conveyers of pollution, improvements to their management can have significant, tangible impacts on the water quality of the Great Lakes. The strategy includes four commitments to reduce stormwater and wastewater impacts to the Great Lakes, including assisting communities in reducing the volumes and impacts of stormwater; working with municipalities on solutions to minimize discharges of untreated sewage; and reducing the impacts of treated wastewater by working with communities and stakeholders to update policies, manage water infrastructure assets, and optimize wastewater treatment plants.
In addition to the Green Stream of the Investing in Canada Infrastructure Program, Ontario has used multiple avenues to invest in improvements to wastewater and stormwater systems around the Basin:
Ontario also continues to support local groups and programs to improve management of wastewater. For example, the Grand River Watershed-Wide Wastewater Optimization Program provides wastewater treatment optimization technical support to wastewater operators and managers, and reports on improvements in the quality of wastewater discharges in the Grand River watershed. In addition, Ontario invested in optimization projects at wastewater treatment plants in Sarnia, Oxford County and Leamington, and facilitates a group of wastewater managers to regularly discuss optimization at wastewater treatment plants.
Inadequate readiness for storm events can have environmental, social and economic impacts. The insurance industry tells us that water damage from extreme weather events, such as flooding, is the key factor behind growing insurance costs. These losses across Canada averaged $405 million per year between 1983 and 2008, and have more than doubled to $1.8 billion per year between 2009 and 2017. While conventional stormwater management infrastructure can be costly, low impact development ( LID ) can be a cost-effective way of managing stormwater runoff because it can potentially generate a $1.60 to $2.40 return on the investment, with benefits including aesthetics, recreation, air quality, local climate regulation, improved water quality and avoided economic costs (such as stormwater treatment, mitigation costs). In order to improve our readiness, Ontario is taking a number of steps to reduce barriers for stormwater managers.
In January 2022, a draft Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Guidance Manual was posted on the Environmental Registry for public comment. The purpose of this draft manual is to provide guidance for stormwater managers on reducing stormwater volume and associated contaminant release into waterways. This will be an important step for reducing barriers to adoption of innovative, adaptation technologies for stormwater management. Ontario is committed to protecting our lakes, rivers and groundwater supply, now and for future generations. Ontario sought public input on:
Another initiative that complements the overall approach for stormwater management is the proposed regulatory changes under the Ontario Water Resources Act to exempt certain low risk sewage works from requiring an environmental compliance approval ( ERO 019-4456 October 25, 2021). The proposed changes, if implemented, would reduce red tape and make it easier to build LIDs by removing the need to obtain an environmental compliance approval for stormwater management LIDs located on single private residences.
Ontario funded the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority in partnership with Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program, to advance a best practice training program for stormwater infrastructure maintenance and inspections. Municipal stormwater management inspector training has been provided to over 100 municipal participants from the Lake Simcoe watershed and across Ontario in 2021.
Ontario agriculture and agri-food sectors are an important economic engine for the province and contribute to our quality of life by providing good jobs, safe and secure food and contribute to Ontario’s economic success. Ontario provides assurance and oversight of the agri-food system to protect the productive capacity of our natural resources and support sustainable actions. Best management practices help to minimize the risks of excess nutrients to the Great Lakes. Ontario delivers agri-environmental stewardship programming to assist Ontario producers in managing soil and water impacts. The strategy commits Ontario to:
Ontario provides technical support for farmers, watershed initiatives and industry groups, and invests in environmental stewardship activities to provide support to farmers in implementing best management practices. Conservation authorities and agriculture sector groups are also leading several initiatives across the Great Lakes Basin towards improving soil health and water quality. This includes one-on-one outreach, workshops and demonstration projects to increase the adoption of best management practices in high priority watersheds that will enhance water quality by reducing the excess loss of phosphorus from agriculture.
The first progress report on Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy noted the initiation of the Great Lakes Agricultural Stewardship Initiative, funded through the Canada-Ontario initiative Growing Forward 2. This four-year initiative produced significant results for projects in Lake Erie and the southeast shores of Lake Huron, including:
While efforts are province-wide, there is a specific focus on the Lake Erie and Lake Simcoe watersheds, due to local water quality concerns and the dominance of agriculture production in these regions. Under the Canadian Agricultural Partnership’s Lake Erie Agriculture Demonstrating Sustainability initiative, farmers work one-on-one with a participating certified crop advisor or professional agrologist to identify best management practices tailored to the specific needs of their operation. This helps to increase farmers’ awareness of field-specific risks and supports them with a plan and financial support to take up practices that improve soil health and water quality. Across the province, between 2018 and December 2021, Ontario farmers completed approximately 1,840 projects representing an investment of approximately $58.7 million in on-farm environmental improvements ($18.8 million in cost-share funding from Canada and Ontario, and $40.4 million in farmer cash contributions). These projects:
In addition, in 2021, Ontario created a new regulation under the Drainage Act to simplify processes for minor improvement projects that do not increase the risk of erosion, do not occur within existing wetlands, and do not enclose a drain. This update is expected to reduce costs and the time required for municipal authorization for some drainage projects that may include environmental benefits such as grassed waterways, sediment traps, and natural channel design features, which can improve water quality and reduce the frequency of floods.
The strategy makes five commitments to improve water quantity management, including working with the International Joint Commission ( IJC ) on managing lake levels, and assessing Ontario’s approach to manage water takings. As part of managing lake levels, Ontario continues to participate on the IJCs Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee, which undertakes monitoring and technical assessments to support the on-going regulation of water levels and flows. This work is coordinated annually within a multi-agency and binational adaptive management framework. Ontario contributes to elements of various priority research and monitoring activities identified by the committee, such as testing remote sensing products and geospatial data sets used to enhance detection of changes to the wetland vegetation of coastal areas of Lake Ontario and the Upper St. Lawrence River.
The strategy also commits to Ontario fulfilling its obligations under the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement (the Agreement) in cooperation with Quebec and the eight Great Lakes States. As part of its obligations, Ontario continues to report its water use data to the Great Lakes Regional Water Use database annually as well as submit an annual assessment of the provinces water conservation and efficiency programs to the Regional Body. In 2019, Ontario met its commitment to submit an every-five-year report on its water management program and also contributed to the development of a renewed Science Strategy which identifies priority actions for collaboration with regional partners in order to strengthen the scientific basis for sound water management decision-making under the Agreement.
To support assessment of the importance of groundwater systems for sustaining water quality and quantity in the Great Lakes and tributaries, approximately 26,000 square kilometers of aquifers within the Great Lakes Basin were recently mapped by the Ontario Geological Survey.
Ontario also took action in 2021 to strengthen protection of water resources by updating our framework for managing water takings in the province. Based on a comprehensive review of existing water taking policies, programs, science tools, and consultation with the public, stakeholders and Indigenous communities, the province made the following enhancements:
To support the changes, the province provided new guidance on managing water takings in areas where water sustainability is a concern and where there are competing demands for water.
With these new rules and guidance in place, we can be confident that water resources in the province are protected by strong policies and managed sustainably for future generations.
The purpose of this goal is to protect and restore wetlands, beaches, shorelines and other coastal areas of the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin. The strategy includes commitments to:
The strategy commits Ontario to work with public health units to improve the way beach water safety is monitored and assessed. Ontario’s public beaches are monitored regularly throughout the summer by public health personnel to assess water quality for the safe enjoyment of users. They do this by looking for conditions that might be hazardous or could pollute the water to an extent that would make it unsafe.
Routine monitoring is accomplished through testing of the recreational water for bacteria at a level that helps to determine its suitability for public use. In 2018, Ontario updated the Recreational Water Protocol and the Operational Approaches for Recreational Water Guideline to provide direction to boards of health on the delivery of local, comprehensive recreational water programs. The guidance includes:
If the test results indicate that beach water quality is poor, the public health unit will inform the public of the status of the beach using the most appropriate method(s) of communication. These may include issuing precautionary notices at the beach, posting recreational water test results on the public health unit website, media releases and other forms of outreach. The Blue Flag program is promoted by regional tourism organizations in the province, particularly in southwestern Ontario, where four of the 26 Blue Flag beaches in Canada are located.
Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about how the quality of Ontario’s Great Lakes beaches compares to previous years.
The conservation of wetlands is an important part of improving the resilience of natural landscapes across Ontario. Wetlands purify our air and water, protect biodiversity and natural heritage, provide recreational opportunities and support First Nations and Métis traditional practices.
The strategy commits Ontario to supporting partnerships and collaborations to conserve and restore wetlands across the Basin. Since the first progress report, Ontario has made significant investment in protection and restoration of wetlands. For example:
In addition, in 2020, Ontario Regulation 454/96 "Construction under the Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act" was amended to provide alternative, optional rules for wetland dam owners to repair existing low hazard wetland dams without obtaining approval if they meet the requirements in the regulation. This allows eligible dam owners to benefit from cost savings and regulatory relief for wetland dam repairs while supporting the continued management of Ontario’s wetlands.
The strategy identifies seven actions for addressing other coastal areas in the Great Lakes Basin, including collaboration with partners on initiatives to improve nearshore areas, addressing key challenges in AOCs , and continuing to implement the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan.
Addressing concerns in priority areas across the Great Lakes Basin continues through implementation of the COA as well as other location-specific protection plans. For example, through investment by Ontario, Canada and the City of Toronto, the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Initiative (2000–2028) aims to generate a thriving waterfront that can be enjoyed for generations. This initiative will transform 800 hectares of brownfield lands into sustainable mixed-use communities, with 25% of the revitalized area dedicated to waterfront parks and public spaces.
Recent work includes the development of the Don River Mouth Naturalization and Port Lands Flood Protection Project. This project will reduce flooding risk by naturalization of the Don River mouth through creation of new river channel and coastal wetlands, and will help with completing actions necessary to delist the Toronto and Region Area of Concern. The revitalization of Toronto’s waterfront is the largest urban redevelopment project underway in North America and is one of the world’s largest waterfront revitalization efforts ever undertaken.
Another priority for Ontario is the restoration of locations in the Great Lakes that were identified as having experienced high levels of environmental degradation. These are called Areas of Concern ( AOCs ). Through the 1987 Protocol of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 12 Canadian and 5 binational AOCs were identified.
To date, three Canadian AOCs have been delisted (Severn Sound, Collingwood Harbour, and Wheatley Harbour). Significant progress has been made in the restoration of the remaining Canadian and binational Great Lakes AOCs since the first progress report. For example, five Beneficial Use Impairments footnote 1 [1] in Nipigon Bay AOC have been redesignated to “not impaired,” and all actions required to delist the AOC were completed. In Thunder Bay AOC , three BUIs — Degradation of Aesthetics, Fish Tumours or Other Deformities, and Bird or Animal Deformities or Reproduction Problems — were redesignated to not impaired in 2019 and one — Degradation of Phytoplankton or Zooplankton Populations — in 2020.
To learn more about how Ontario has made progress in cleaning up Great Lakes AOCs , read the measuring progress section at the end of this report. These online resources also provide more information about ongoing work in the remaining Canadian and binational AOCs :
Lake Simcoe (Zhooniyaang-zaaga’igan in the Anishinaabemowin language) and its watershed covers 3,400 square kilometers and is part of the Trent-Severn Waterway, which flows into Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. As an important component of the Great Lakes Basin, the strategy commits Ontario to continuing to implement the Lake Simcoe Protection Plan ( LSPP ). This includes ongoing monitoring of key environmental indicators, supporting research to better understand the stressors facing the lake, and identifying innovative solutions and encouraging their adoption through local partnerships. The Minister’s 10-Year Report on Lake Simcoe, released in July 2020, highlights some of the actions that the province and partners have taken to protect and restore Lake Simcoe, such as:
Monitoring has shown that the amount of algae in Lake Simcoe has decreased over time, leading to improved water quality, which has remained stable through much of the watershed since the 2015 Five-Year Report. For the cold-water fish community, monitoring has shown that lake trout, lake whitefish, and cisco continue to successfully reproduce, although the wild populations of these species are dominated by only a few year classes (fish produced in the same year), and are at lower levels than historically. A legislated review of the LSPP began in 2019 and was publicly launched in December 2020, with significant engagement and consultation throughout 2021.
As committed in the strategy, Ontario has made progress in updating wetland data and mapping to support conservation efforts and assist municipal and shoreline planning. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry developed the Great Lakes Shoreline Ecosystem, a classification and mapping tool to enhance and update the inventory, mapping and classification of terrestrial and wetland shoreline ecosystems in the Great Lakes.
The tool uses existing data and a standardized methodology to identify and map Great Lakes shoreline ecosystems, including all coastal and inland wetlands. This can be used to track progress towards conservation targets, monitor ecosystem change, assist municipal and shoreline planning, support conservation efforts such as habitat restoration and shoreline management, and improve our understanding of ecological processes.
Through updates to the Greenbelt Plan and A Place to Grow: A Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe, municipalities are now required to consider the Great Lakes Strategy, the targets and goals of the Great Lakes Protection Act, 2015 and any applicable Great Lakes agreements as part of watershed planning activities. These updates include provisions such as:
In addition to the above, the update to the A Place to Grow: A Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe included a natural heritage system made up of natural heritage features and areas to provide connectivity and support natural processes.
Ontario is investing $12 million over three years (2021–2023) to support the Greenbelt Foundation’s ongoing work to help protect and restore the environmental and agricultural integrity of the Greenbelt area and enhance sustainable recreational and economic opportunities through several programs, including a grant funding program. Projects delivered through provincial funding will focus on three priority objectives: planting trees to increase natural cover, enhancing recreational opportunities for people to experience nature, and maintaining and enhancing green infrastructure and climate resilience. Examples of these projects include:
The purpose of this goal is to protect and restore the natural habitats, biodiversity and resilience of the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin. The strategy includes actions to protect and restore species through tools such as habitat restoration, and reduce the introduction and spread of invasive species.
Assessing the status and improving our understanding of factors affecting the health of aquatic ecosystems, habitats, native species and food webs is a component of Goal 4 under the strategy. Protecting the habitats of the Great Lakes Basin and the plants and animals that live there can be a complex and challenging task, requiring dedicated research and monitoring to better understand relationships and impacts for effective management and protection.
A multi-year project by Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry determined that muskrat populations were very low in many Lake Ontario coastal wetlands and appeared to be influenced by lake-wide water level management in that basin. Future work will examine additional components of muskrat habitat, such as the type and density of vegetation and the presence of invasive species like Phragmitesand hybrid cattails. Muskrats provide a variety of ecosystem services in wetlands and their populations can serve as an indicator of wetland health. The results of this work will support the early evaluation of the International Joint Commission’s new water-level regime, and will provide greater knowledge of Great Lakes coastal habitats and ecosystems that is needed to protect these habitats and the species that reside within.
The strategy commits Ontario to continue the rehabilitation and maintenance of native Great Lakes species. Native populations of Lake Trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) in the Great Lakes suffered catastrophic collapses in the mid-20th century due the impact of human activities as well as ecosystem stressors. Among the populations that collapsed were river-spawning Lake Trout populations that were known to swim up more than a dozen Lake Superior tributaries each fall.
As these populations collapsed, efforts by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry were made to preserve this unique type of Lake Trout in a chain of sanctuary lakes followed by years of stocking to restore the population. Ongoing work by Ontario since the 1970s has documented the successful restoration of a wild reproducing population spawning in the Dog River. The use of radio telemetry is providing information on the timing of spawning, and genetic analysis of eggs has confirmed the locations where spawning occurs, and the habitat preferred by spawning Trout.
Until recently, the Dog River was the only Lake Superior tributary known to have a spawning Lake Trout population. However, during an assessment of several eastern Lake Superior tributaries in the fall of 2021, Lake Trout in spawning condition were discovered in the Pukaskwa River potentially representing a second previously unknown river-spawning population. This positive discovery is a welcome success in Ontario’s continued work to protect and restore the species of the Great Lakes.
In addition, Ontario has undertaken work to better understand the behaviour and movements of various fish species to support fisheries management and restoration efforts using the Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System. In Lake Ontario, Ontario and academic partners have tracked tagged Lake Whitefish, Cisco, and Bloater in eastern Lake Ontario, revealing the behavior and seasonal movements of these fish. The use of acoustic receivers in Lake Superior’s Black Bay from 2016 to 2021 is providing information on Walleye migratory behaviour and location and timing of spawning, particularly in important spawning tributaries.
Ontario continued ongoing projects to track movements of Walleye in the Grand River, Lake Whitefish in Lake Erie, and Muskellunge in Lake St. Clair. New tracking projects were also undertaken for Walleye in the Thames River, Burbot in the east basin of Lake Erie, as well as expansion of the tracking area in Lake Erie’s east basin, the Thames and Grand Rivers, and Lake St. Clair.
In 2021, Ontario invested $20 million over four years in the Greenlands Conservation Partnership to help secure land of ecological importance and promote healthy, natural spaces. The funding will enable the Nature Conservancy of Canada and the Ontario Land Trust Alliance to conserve, restore and manage natural areas such as wetlands, grasslands and forests. This initiative will help mitigate the effects of climate change and increase the number of conserved natural spaces for the public to enjoy. Some key areas that have been secured with contributions from Greenlands funding include Michael’s Bay and Vidal Bay on Manitoulin Island, Brighton Wetlands, Alfred Bog near Ottawa and the Auzins Nature Sanctuary near London.
Ontario has published a series of indicator reports on the state of Ontario’s protected areas, and continued reporting on the general state of the environment, resource management and landscape planning. In 2020, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry and Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks completed technical work for a data set of information on all natural heritage and protected areas in Ontario, including the Great Lakes. Protection of Ontario’s natural heritage and biodiversity conservation is also supported by reporting sightings of animals and plants of conservation concern, wildlife concentration areas, plant communities, and natural areas in Ontario to the Natural Heritage Information Centre.
Through Ontario’s Greenlands Conservation Partnership, the Nature Conservancy of Canada and the Province have delivered 31 key conservation projects and protected over 164,200 hectares of lands and waters across Ontario. These protected areas will remain a home for wildlife, a haven for recreation, and a vital resource that cleans our air and water, while protecting communities against the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss. We sincerely appreciate the work that has led to this important investment for all Ontarians.
Mike Hendren Regional Vice President, Ontario Nature Conservancy of Canada
The environmental and economic well-being of the Great Lakes is supported by the Provincial Policy Statement ( PPS ), 2020. For example, the statement provides direction to municipalities and planning authorities to use water resources more efficiently and optimally, and recognizes the importance of land use planning for stormwater management for the protection of the community and environment. Policies for municipalities enhance stormwater management to protect water and support climate resiliency. In addition, a number of previous updates to support the environment have carried over to the PPS , including:
Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about how Ontario has made progress in protecting habitats and native species.
Ontario is strengthening its efforts to protect the province’s natural environment and economy from the threat of invasive species. On January 1, 2022, new rules for 13 invasive species and watercraft as a carrier of invasive species came into effect. The new invasive species regulations add five additional aquatic invasive species:
Ontario has now regulated all 21 species included in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors Premier’s list of Least Wanted Aquatic Invasive Species, helping to protect the shared ecosystems and economies in the Great Lakes Basin. The regulation of overland transport of watercraft, is the first regulation of its kind, in Ontario and will help prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species within the Great Lakes as well as to inland waters in the province.
One commitment in the strategy is to develop scientifically defensible surveillance activities in areas at high risk of invasive species introductions. Ontario is continuing early detection and response actions for high-risk invasive species to prevent their spread to new waters and impacts to biodiversity and the provincial economy.
For example, community Environmental eDNA testing at sentinel sites across the Great Lakes allows for early detection of invasive species that are not currently being looked for and will potentially enable rapid responses before they can become established. Initial studies using this technique have detected aquatic invasive species in waters flowing into or adjoining the Great Lakes, such as Rudd in the Grand River. Sites across the Great Lakes that have been identified as potential entry points for invasive species will be seasonally sampled to develop an eDNA metabarcode , or a baseline characterization of the community of fish and other aquatic organisms present at that point in time. Comparison of the eDNA metabarcode at a location from one time period to the next will enable early detection of not only known aquatic invasive species, but also others that are not currently known to be in the Great Lakes Basin.
Other actions on invasive species include:
Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about how Ontario has made progress in reducing the threat of aquatic invasive species to the Great Lakes.
Phragmites is a restricted species under Ontario's Invasive Species Act, 2015 . It is a perennial grass introduced from Europe which spreads rapidly, creating vast stands that threaten wetland ecosystems and contribute to the decline of native plants, fish and wildlife, including species at risk. Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry is working with partners and other government agencies, and has led several initiatives to build capacity within the province to address this invasive plant, including:
In addition, Ontario’s Ministry of Transportation uses different strategies including cutting and spraying to manage invasive vegetation like Phragmites along provincial highways, including those in the Great Lakes Basin, which is a critical action in preventing its spread to new locations. Through the Highway Infrastructure Innovation Funding Program, Ontario’s Ministry of Transportation has also provided support to McMaster University to assess how resilient native seeds are against invasive Phragmites seeds in the Great Lakes Basin.
The purpose of this goal is to advance science relating to existing and emerging stressors, such as climate change, that improves understanding and management of the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin. The strategy includes actions to:
Research and monitoring are the cornerstones of the sound science that guides the protection and restoration of the Great Lakes. Long-term monitoring programs provide the platform upon which collaborative and integrated research is built to enhance our understanding of the Great Lakes. The strategy commits Ontario to deliver the needed science through collaboration and investment in research and monitoring. Since the first progress report on Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy in 2016, Ontario has continued to support long-term monitoring as well as specific studies to advance our understanding of the environmental issues as well as the effectiveness of management actions.
Ontario leads several monitoring and research programs in the Great Lakes Basin, including:
Data and information from these programs continue to further our understanding of the Great Lakes ecosystem. For example, in one study, provincial scientists and collaborators examined PCB contamination in Lake Ontario sediments over time and compared to fish consumption advisories for the area. While many factors such as the levels of organic carbon in sediment may be playing a role in basin-wide fish trends, PCB concentrations in sediments and fish were consistently highest in Hamilton Harbour.
In another study, monitoring data for the nearshore areas of the Great Lakes showed that changes in the types and numbers of invertebrates living on the bottom of Toronto’s Humber Bay were due to changes in sediment and water quality, as well as invasive species and human activities.
In addition, Ontario’s data has been crucial in assessing progress made in Areas of Concern as well as informing binational reporting. Sediment chemistry and benthic footnote 2 [2] invertebrate data was recently used to assess the Degradation of Benthos Beneficial Use Impairment in the Toronto and Region Area of Concern.
Additionally, Ontario contributes data, information and expertise to development of State of the Great Lakes reporting under the Canada- U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. For example, the Ontario Geological Survey provided groundwater chemistry data from more than 4,000 locations in the Basin to inform the updated Groundwater Quality Sub-Indicator Report. Ontario’s groundwater experts also participate in binational working groups to assess the water balance for the Basin and make future projections of climate and water use and are working to help municipalities and industry looking for sustainable groundwater resources.
Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about how Ontario has increased public access to monitoring results and scientific information on the Great Lakes.
Ontario has invested in several initiatives with partners to improve knowledge on the effectiveness of agricultural best management practices and our ability to measure progress on reducing the loss of excess nutrients from agricultural operations. For example, the On-Farm Applied Research and Monitoring ( ONFARM ) program is a four-year applied research initiative that began in 2019 and runs until 2023 and is being delivered by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association ( OSCIA ). The program is funded by Canada and Ontario through the Canadian Agricultural Partnership, and is supported by a network of farmer cooperators, who are essential to the success of the program. ONFARM builds on the previous work started under the Great Lakes Agricultural Stewardship Initiative, funded under Growing Forward 2 by the federal and provincial governments from 2014–2018. The program is focused on three main pillars to increase Ontario and the agricultural sector’s knowledge of key environmental priorities, including:
The program offers incredible value to the province and the sector in building confidence and understanding of the effectiveness and impact of best management practices and how they can be successfully incorporated within agricultural production systems on various farms across the province.
The strategy identifies several actions towards addressing climate change impacts and adaptation, including:
In 2020, Ontario initiated a provincial-level, multi-sector assessment to examine the impacts of climate change on infrastructure, food and agriculture, people and communities, natural environment, and business and the economy. The assessment is considering how climate change will impact the natural environment, which includes consideration of water quality and quantity at a provincial scale. It will identify and assess how individual hazards such as drought and extreme precipitation will change over the coming decades. It will also help build awareness of climate impacts and potential solutions. Understanding the known and current impacts of climate change and identifying potential future impacts will help the province, municipalities, Indigenous communities and others make informed decisions that build resiliency within the province as well as the Great Lakes Basin specifically. The final results of the assessment are expected in 2023.
In addition to this assessment, Ontario has continued to lead and/or support projects that examine the effects of climate change to better inform planning and management around the Great Lakes Basin:
More broadly, Ontario continues to be an active voice in binational climate change conversations. In January 2020, the Great Lakes Commission formed a Standing Committee on Climate Resilience to undertake seven recommendations outlined in a previously adopted Framework for Action to address climate resilience throughout the Great Lakes Basin. One recommendation is to work collaboratively to develop an action plan that forms a roadmap to prioritize and advance climate resilience in the Great Lakes Basin. Ontario’s active engagement in the committee has enhanced our understanding of climate resiliency efforts across the Basin and provided an opportunity for regular dialogue and data sharing, as well as the opportunity to communicate provincial perspectives and resiliency efforts.
Planning for and adapting to a changing climate is challenging for many Ontario communities. Different communities have different needs when it comes to preparing for a changing climate, and as a result, a one-size-fits-all approach to assist municipalities is not effective. To this end, Ontario has supported projects by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ( ICLEI ) and partners to develop a Great Lakes Climate Landscape Assessment and Municipal Guide. This will include assessment of climate change adaptation planning and implementation in municipalities and communities, to evaluate current information and knowledge gaps.
Additionally, through the Great Lakes Adaptation Project, ICLEI will engage up to 40 Ontario communities/municipalities in three different groups to build capacity on adaptation assessment, planning, and implementation that will help prepare local governments for a changing climate.
Updates to the Greenbelt Plan in 2017 support provincial climate change objectives, align climate change related goals across all Plans, and highlight the connection between land use patterns and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. New policies in the A Place to Grow: A Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe integrate climate change considerations into planning and managing growth. In addition, municipalities are encouraged to complete greenhouse gas inventories, set emission reduction targets and performance measures, and develop strategies to reduce emissions.
A regulation under the Electricity Act, 1998 requires broader public sector organizations to report their annual energy use and greenhouse gas emissions to the Ministry of Energy and post the information on their websites. Broader public sector organizations are also required to develop five-year energy conservation and demand management plans and post them on their websites.
A comparison of the energy use information reported by these organizations in 2011 vs. 2017 noted a decrease in energy intensity for 12 of the 15 different types of operations (such as schools). Another regulation under the Electricity Act, 1998 requires designated private sector buildings 100,000 square feet and above to report their annual energy and water use to the Ministry of Energy to assist private sector building owners in identifying opportunities to reduce their energy and water use. Buildings between 50,000 square feet and 100,000 square feet will be required to report for the first time by July 1, 2023.
Ontario has also supported a number of projects and actions to help Great Lakes municipalities and communities in preparing for, mitigating and adapting to climate change, such as:
More broadly, Ontario’s Flooding Strategy provides a plan to protect people and property by strengthening flood preparedness, response, and recovery through a series of new and enhanced actions. Released March 2020, the Flooding Strategy aims to improve preparedness for the long term, will ensure Ontario continues to be a leader in flood management, and reinforces that the safety of the public and the protection of our communities is our number one priority. Recent progress includes improvements to the province's emergency response system; continuation of our partnership with Canada to provide water level and flow information for watercourses across the province; and, establishment of a multi-agency technical team to enhance flood mapping in Ontario.
Adapting to the impacts of climate change extends to Ontario’s power generation and highways. Ontario’s investments in clean generation sources have contributed to reduced greenhouse gas emissions in the province. Ontario now has the capacity to generate 17,700 megawatts of electricity using renewable sources such as waterpower, bioenergy, wind and solar.
On September 28, 2021, the government introduced a new regulation to authorize demonstration of community net metering. Community net metering projects have potential to provide communities, developers and building owners increased opportunities to integrate renewable energy generation and energy storage technologies into their communities.
Ontario Power Generation continues to make investments to protect its electricity generating assets and operations against the impacts of climate change, including installing flood barriers at nuclear plants to protect critical infrastructure from potentially more severe storms, and conducting modelling and research on dam safety around hydroelectric facilities.
In addition, the Ministry of Transportation works to include climate change mitigation and adaptation opportunities into provincial highway design, construction and maintenance. Ontario has also developed an online tool to help forecast rainfall intensities for design of new and replacement of existing infrastructure.
Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about Ontario’s progress in implementing climate change adaptation actions in the Great Lakes Basin.
The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River are the foundation of Ontario’s economy and quality of life, providing drinking water, power generation, economic opportunities for industry and agriculture, key shipping routes and transportation links. A healthy Great Lakes translates to a healthy Great Lakes economy.
The purpose of this goal is to enrich the quality of life in communities in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin through support of environmentally sustainable economic opportunities and innovation and through environmentally sustainable use of natural resources. The strategy includes actions to support innovative technologies and practices, improve agricultural processes to benefit the environment and economy, and support and develop tourism in the Great Lakes Basin.
The strategy identifies several actions for Ontario to take to develop and support innovative technologies and practices, including:
Since the first progress report, Ontario has taken action to encourage innovation in the water, energy, and waste sectors within the Great Lakes Basin. Through support of the Ontario Water Consortium, technology demonstrations at various sites and collaboration with leading researchers in Ontario help encourage adoption of new water technologies in the Great Lakes Basin.
Ontario also continues to promote its water sector globally at various water-focused conferences, such as the Cleantech (Water and Wastewater) Export Business Mission to Argentina, where Ontario companies were provided the opportunity to present their products and technologies to improve water infrastructure and bio-economy opportunities, and the Ontario CleanTech Virtual Mission to Enlit Africa, a global platform for exhibitors to showcase the latest solutions in utility, conventional and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, sustainability, and conservation. Read the measuring progress section of this report to read more about Ontario’s performance in encouraging growth in the water sector.
For the energy sector, Ontario has:
Ontario also has programs for Indigenous communities to build capacity and promote the implementation of clean and reliable energy. The IESO , which conducts the day-to-day operation of Ontario’s electricity grid, has several Indigenous energy support programs, including the Indigenous Community Energy Plan program that provides funding support to Indigenous communities and organizations to develop energy plans. Since 2013, 115 Indigenous communities and organizations have developed community energy plans under the program. Additional programs provided by IESO support skill building and community capacity, partnership and development funding, and provision of energy-efficient upgrades for homes on reserves.
The Circular Great Lakes Initiative focuses on identifying partnerships, priorities, projects and investments to forge a future without waste. Initially, Ontario and other participants in this collaborative will focus on plastics. The transition of Ontario’s blue box recycling program to full producer responsibility will transfer the operation and costs of blue box programs from municipalities to the producers of paper, packaging, and single-use items, who can innovate to find ways to reduce packaging and improve recyclability. The new Blue Box Regulation will improve recycling across the province by creating a more consistent and reliable blue box collection service with some of the highest diversion rate targets in North America.
Ontario also continues to support the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment to implement the Strategy on Zero Plastic Waste and its Canada-wide Action Plan (Phase 1 and Phase 2) to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of plastic waste in our natural environment, waterways and inland lakes through greater prevention, collection and resource recovery to achieve a more circular plastics economy.
The strategy identifies several actions for Ontario to take to ensure environmentally sustainable resource use, including:
Healthy, productive soil provides multiple economic and environmental benefits, including improved water quality, lower greenhouse gas emissions and greater resilience to extreme weather. To enhance and sustain soil health and productivity, Ontario, in collaboration with multiple partners including the federal government, agriculture industry, academia, conservation authorities and other non-governmental organizations released New Horizons: Ontario’s Agricultural Soil and Conservation Strategy (Soils Strategy) in 2018. In 2020, the Soil Action Group ( SAG ) was formed to coordinate action and report on progress in the long term. SAG is a partnership of over 20 industry representatives including farm organizations, agri-businesses, researchers, government, and conservation authorities.
To support the implementation of the Soils Strategy and other critical environmental priorities, Ontario, in collaboration with agriculture industry, supports many on-the-ground projects through various funding programs to encourage and support best management practices to improve soil health, water quality and build on-farm resilience, such as:
Updates to regulations under the Nutrient Management Act, 2002 have increased options for year-round manure management, and support mitigation of climate change impacts by allowing the economically viable production of biogas for the renewable gas market. It is expected that these regulatory changes will lead to more opportunities for management of food and organic waste in the circular food economy, increased production of renewable natural gas in Ontario, and increased economic development opportunities in the agri-food sector.
The Environmental Farm Plan program supports farmers in completing an assessment of farm-specific environmental strengths and concerns and developing farm-specific action plans to improve and reduce risks. The program covers a broad range of topics, including soil, water, air and biodiversity. Between April 2018 and September 2021, a total of 2,508 farmers from across the province have participated in an Environmental Farm Plan workshop or started an electronic workbook. A total of 1,945 new verified complete action plans have been developed by participating farmers.
Proper management and local reuse of excess soil can have numerous benefits, such as a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and costs due to transporting soil, and a decrease in illegal dumping and the amount of healthy soil going to landfills.
In 2019, the province finalized a regulation for On-Site and Excess Soil Management, which includes risk-based excess soil reuse standards that will enable more excess soil to be reused safely and locally. The regulation clarifies soil reuse rules, will reduce construction costs associated with managing and transporting excess soil, limits the amount of soil being sent to landfill and will lower greenhouse gas emissions from the sector, while continuing to ensure strong environmental protection. The regulation is being phased in and the first part, including soil reuse standards, came into effect on January 1, 2021.
The province’s updated Greenbelt Plan also adds a new complementary policy which encourages municipalities to develop excess soil reuse strategies as part of planning for growth and development. Also, municipal planning policies and relevant development proposals shall incorporate best management practices for the management of excess soil generated and fill received during development or site alteration.
The strategy identifies several actions for Ontario to promote tourism and recreational opportunities in the Great Lakes Basin, including:
Since the last progress report, Ontario has led or supported a number of initiatives to promote recreational use of the Great Lakes, through water-based tourism, festivals and events. For example:
Ontario continues to promote destinations and tourism experiences in the Great Lakes through Destination Ontario, the lead government marketing organization for tourism in the province. A variety of marketing tactics are used to promote tourism destinations, including digital and social media advertising, joint marketing with tour operators and travel agencies, and operation of an information phone line, email address and in-person Ontario Travel Information Centers. Travel itineraries that intersect with the Great Lakes are featured on their website, and the agency engages in international media relations work and partnerships with local tourism organizations to promote Great Lakes-related products and destinations including the Georgian Bay Coastal Route, the Lake Superior motorcycle route, and experiences in Lake Ontario’s Thousand Islands.
Ontario has also made significant investments to develop the cruising industry on the Great Lakes. For example, in 2017 and 2018, Ontario provided $250,000 to eight Great Lakes ports to assess the economic impact and tourism potential of Great Lakes cruising. In 2019, the Town of Midland received support from Ontario’s Tourism Economic Development and Recovery Fund to undertake a study to identify and reach out to specific cruises that would be interested in sailing into Georgian Bay and prepare products for cruise ship visitors.
In addition, Ontario’s Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and Destination Ontario continue to work with and provide support (approximately $90,000 over the last four years) to the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers on a regional cruise marketing partnership. The “Cruise the Great Lakes” marketing plan includes a website, a strategic digital and traditional marketing campaign to attract new cruise customers, a public relations plan that highlights specific ports and destinations, and the development of best practices for a safe return to operations.
The 2019 season saw eight ships cruising the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence system and generated approximately $11 million in regional economic impact, with a record 36 cruise ships bringing approximately 12,000 visitors to Toronto between May to October 2019, more than doubling the 2018 season.
Emerging out of the pandemic, interest in Great Lakes cruising continues to grow. 2022 saw the addition of two new major cruise lines with more international operators anticipated in the near future, contributing to the Great Lakes’ growing reputation as a premier global destination for expedition cruising.
Developing technologies, such as ‘Dynamic Positioning,’ allow ships to hold their ideal port location, eliminating the need for anchors and mooring walls. The result is expanded itineraries, new routes, ports and destinations with growing cruising opportunities in Ontario. This growth is developing alongside a recognition that economic opportunities must align with evolving best practices and innovation to ensure a sustainable future for the Great Lakes and the cruise industry alike.
Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy identifies 11 performance measures by which Ontario tracks its progress to protect and restore the health of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin. Read the update on progress made since the first progress report.
Increased public awareness and engagement on Great Lakes issues, as measured by number of community projects undertaken.
Since the first progress report, Ontario has invested $6.6 million into 272 projects through competitive Great Lakes programs — the former Great Lakes Guardians’ Fund and the current Great Lakes Local Action Fund. Projects are led by community-based organizations, ENGOs, municipalities, conservation authorities and Indigenous communities and organizations across Ontario.
Drinking water meets a high standard of safety, as measured by the number of municipal residential drinking water systems that meet provincial drinking water standards.
From 2016 to 2021, 99.9% of drinking water tests from municipal residential drinking water systems that draw surface water from the Great Lakes Basin met Ontario’s drinking water quality standards. Minister’s reports on drinking water Ontario are published annually — read the most recent report here: Minister’s annual report on drinking water (2019).
Measuring phosphorus trends and reducing the frequency and severity of algae blooms in priority areas.
Through the Canada-Ontario Lake Erie Action Plan, Ontario has taken steps to reduce phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie. A fulsome report outlining the phosphorus loads from Canadian sources to the central and western basins of Lake Erie from 2008 to 2021 is under development for public release.
While current modelling and monitoring capabilities have improved, it generally takes 15–20 years before a phosphorus load trend line for Lake Erie can be established, as phosphorus loads vary significantly from year to year largely due to precipitation patterns. For example, wetter years are associated with higher loads. Also, there is not yet enough science to establish an eastern basin phosphorus target for Lake Erie.
Ontario continues to actively monitor the lake, and is taking steps to better understand phosphorus loadings and algal blooms in the lake. For example, Ontario tracks algal blooms in the western basin and depletion of oxygen in the central basin of Lake Erie. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) provides information on harmful algal blooms in the western basin of Lake Erie. Annual algal bloom reports for Lake Erie show that the severity of harmful algal blooms vary between years and ranged from mild to moderately severe since 2016.
Reduced levels of harmful pollutants in the Great Lakes ecosystem — as demonstrated by declining fish tissue contaminant levels and fish consumption advisories, as well as localized improvements in priority areas where efforts are focused to address problems.
At present, a majority of fish consumption advisories issued for Great Lakes fish are primarily due to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and secondarily due to mercury. Since the last progress report, levels of mercury in Great Lake fish have generally remained stable while levels of PCBs have continued to decline. As a result, fish consumption advisories for Great Lakes fish generally improved between 2015 and 2020. For example, the percentage of do not eat advisories have dropped from 8.4 to 6.6% for the general population, and from 37.2 to 31.5% for women of child-bearing age and children (sensitive population). Instances where 8 or more meals per month is considered safe to eat have increased from 50.7 to 57.6% for the general population and from 38 to 44.6% for the sensitive population.
Various actions have been taken over the last few decades to reduce mercury emissions in North America. Ontario has made significant progress by reducing mercury emissions more than 90% since 1990, and was the first jurisdiction in North America to phase out coal for energy production contributing to lower mercury emissions. Currently, the majority of mercury deposited in Ontario comes from sources outside our borders. PCBs were banned by the Canadian and U.S. governments during the 1970s. We can expect further declines in PCB levels in coming years.
Ontario continues to monitor contaminants in fish from the Great Lakes as well as inland waterbodies. It is strongly recommended to consult the Guide to Eating Ontario Fish to get advice on the types and sizes of fish that are safe to eat from more than 2,500 Ontario waterbodies, including the Great Lakes.
As part of efforts to reduce critical pollutants in the Great Lakes, source track-down projects have been used to target persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ), in the Great Lakes and their watersheds.
One area where localized improvements in harmful pollutants have been made is the Etobicoke Creek watershed, which historically contributed higher amounts of PCBs to Lake Ontario relative to other watersheds in the Greater Toronto Area. Track-down investigations from 2001 to 2008 led to the identification of an easement channel that was the source of significant PCB levels measured downstream and resulted in elevated PCB concentrations in organisms such as fish. In 2014 and 2015, approximately 2077.7 cubic meters of contaminated materials were removed from the channel, or enough to fill four-fifths of an Olympic-sized swimming pool. Post-remediation monitoring of the site and watershed in 2017 showed significant improvements in water, sediment and fish PCB concentrations. Overall, this remediation effort has led to significant improvements to the Etobicoke Creek watershed, and helped to reduce harmful pollutants and restore water quality in the watershed and to Lake Ontario.
Additional examples of action taken to restore priority areas (such as the Peninsula Harbour thin-layer cap) are described under Goal 1, collaboration across governments and Goal 3, restoration of priority areas.
Great Lakes beaches are available for public used for more of the season, as demonstrated by reduced beach postings.
The quality of our Great Lakes beaches can be measured by the percentage of days that they meet bacterial standards and are therefore considered safe for swimming. In the Canada- U.S. reporting framework, a beach is given a Good rating if 80% or more of its beach days meet bacterial standards; a Fair rating at or above 70%; and a Poor rating if beach days meet bacterial standards less than 70% of the time. As reported in the 2019 Canada- U.S. State of the Great Lakes Report, from 2015 to 2017, the percentage of days that monitored beaches met Ontario bacterial standards for swimming averaged 82%. Over the same time period, monitored beaches in Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario were assessed as Good, and Lake Erie’s monitored beaches were assessed as Fair.
Continued progress on cleaning up Great Lakes Areas of Concern, as demonstrated by progress made to restore impaired Beneficial Uses.
Progress on restoring AOCs can be measured by the number of AOCs where all priority actions have been completed. This milestone has been achieved at 5 of the 17 AOCs that are located wholly or partially in Ontario.
An important measure of progress within an AOC is the number of “beneficial uses” no longer impaired. Beneficial uses refer to valued aspects of the environment that have been restored to health. As of January 2022, 86 Beneficial Uses across the 17 AOCs are no longer impaired, with 36% (31 out of 86) of this progress occurring in the past five years.
Restoration action continues in the remaining AOCs , with significant action taken since 2016 in the five AOCs noted in the previous progress report — Nipigon Bay, Peninsula Harbour, Niagara River, Bay of Quinte and St. Lawrence River (Cornwall) (see Lake-by-lake examples of recent accomplishments and Areas of Concern for examples). We have committed to completing priority restoration actions in these AOCs as well as Port Hope by June 2026, while continuing to advance restoration of the remaining AOCs .
Habitats, including wetlands, and native species are identified, protected, conserved and restored, as demonstrated by implementation of policies and programs to identify and take action on priority habitat, and by enhanced information.
Through the Species at Risk Stewardship Program, Ontario invests up to $4.5 million annually to encourage individuals, organizations, Indigenous communities, researchers and landowners to get involved in protecting and recovering species at risk through stewardship activities. Funded projects address key protection, recovery and research actions for species at risk. Projects also support identified annual priority species (such as bats), ecosystems (such as Great Lakes coastal wetlands) and issues (such as invasive species).
In 2021, the program funded 85 new or ongoing multi-year projects. Since its inception in 2007, this program has supported over 1,200 projects that have helped restore over 50,000 hectares of important habitat and protect many vulnerable Great Lakes Basin species, including the Piping Plover, American Eel, Lake Sturgeon and Fowler’s Toad.
The threat of aquatic invasive species to Great Lakes ecosystems has been reduced, as demonstrated by actions to reduce impacts of existing invaders and to prevent and respond to new arrivals.
The cumulative number of aquatic invasive species in the Great Lakes, and the rate at which introductions have occurred, is tracked as part of the State of Ontario’s Biodiversity Report. As of December 2020, 191 alien species were established within the binational waters of the Great Lakes. However, the rate of newly established species has declined dramatically in the current decade, with only four new species discovered in the Great Lakes since 2010. Prior to this time period, a new species was discovered in the Great Lakes every 8 months on average.
The decline of alien species establishment to the Great Lakes since 2010 may be due to the success of coordinated efforts by Great Lakes jurisdictions to address key pathways for species introductions. See Goal 4 for examples of actions Ontario and its partners have taken to reduce the establishment and impact of invasive species in the Great Lakes.
Greater public access to monitoring results and scientific information on the Great Lakes, as measured by an increase in the number of publicly available Great Lakes studies and reports.
Since the last progress report, Ontario has taken action to provide Great Lakes data and information to partners, stakeholders and the general public to support monitoring, research and management. This will help all sectors provide appropriate data to demonstrate progress on commitments to the Great Lakes.
Approximately 14 new datasets containing information from the Great Lakes Basin were newly added to Ontario’s Open Data Catalogue or the Ontario GeoHub since the last progress report, and an additional 12 datasets were updated.
Some examples of new information made publicly available since the last progress report include:
Ongoing implementation of climate change adaptation and resiliency actions, to help reduce emissions, prepare for the impacts of climate change, and strengthen climate resiliency.
Ontario’s plan to protect our air, land, water sets out the province’s continued work towards a balanced approach to reduce emissions and prepare for the impacts of climate change, and proposes effective and affordable ways to address climate change and strengthen climate resiliency. See Goal 5 for further details on Ontario’s key climate change accomplishments to date.
Growth in the water sector, including innovative technologies and practices.
Ontario has the largest cleantech and environmental sector in Canada, with more than 5,000 companies, 117,000 employees in 2020, and contributing $25.6 billion gross domestic product to Ontario’s economy in 2021. In addition, Ontario has among the largest number of water technology companies in Canada.
This report highlights that while much good work has been accomplished to protect and restore the Great Lakes, there is still much to be done. In recent years there have been notable changes in several aspects of the Great Lakes Basin, as well as our understanding of the issues. For example, while climate change has long been an issue identified for the Great Lakes, the pervasive and rapid nature of changes in the Basin are an emerging concern, particularly as these changes (such as rapidly warming water temperatures) interact with other known stressors, such as algal blooms and invasive species.
In addition, while we have made significant progress in addressing contaminants of concern, particularly in localized priority areas such as AOCs , new science and monitoring since the first progress report has highlighted the need to address pollutants that are a result of our day-to-day lives, such as chemicals released through wear and tear of vehicles, as well as litter, plastic pollution, and road salt.
Lastly, the global COVID‑19 pandemic helped to highlight the need for equal access to and respectful enjoyment of natural areas like the Great Lakes shorelines to support physical and mental health.
With these issues in mind, some of the key areas of focus for future action include but are not limited to:
In looking to the future, the time is ripe to assess Ontario’s goals for the Great Lakes Basin to ensure they remain relevant and forward-thinking amid today’s environmental, social and economic context. We are actively reviewing and considering the current and future issues facing the Basin, and potential actions Ontario can take to address these issues over the next several years. Stay tuned for opportunities to input to the review of Ontario’s Great Lakes Strategy.
The next report on Ontario’s progress in implementing the strategy will be released three years after the strategy update in 2023, as per the reporting schedule indicated in the Great Lakes Protection Act, 2015 .
